Microplastics as drivers of neuroinflammation: a review

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging environmental pollutants that raise concerns about their effects on brain health. This review examines their neurotoxic potential, particularly their ability to cross biological barriers, cause oxidative stress, and lead to neuroinflammation—processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Research indicates that MPs/MNPs accumulate in the brain, disrupt cell function, and may contribute to diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s and potentially affect addiction and behavioral health. However, there are still gaps in research concerning their exact neurotoxic effects and long-term impact. It is crucial to tackle challenges related to detection methods, exposure evaluation, and prevention strategies. With rising plastic pollution, urgent research and policy action are needed to mitigate the neurobiological risks of MPs and MNPs.