Cancer stem cells in recurrence and therapy resistance: biological insights and emerging therapeutic strategies

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a resilient subset of tumor cells, able to evade immune detection and rapidly­ proliferate, are responsible for the metastasis, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance observed across various­ cancers. Recent research has concentrated on understanding the molecular networks that support CSCs immune evasion, self-renewal, and adaptability. Signaling pathways (Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, JAK-STAT) and surface markers (CD44, CD133, ALDH1) that characterize CSC behaviour are compiled in this review. We highlight the expanding usefulness of omics technologies, such as CRISPR functional genomics, single-cell transcriptomics, and spatial proteomics, in determining vulnerabilities unique to CSCs and guiding­ tailored treatment plans. Keywords: cancer stem cells, resistance to treatment, signalling pathways, surface markers, targeted therapy