Assessment of the geographic and tourism potential of the mountainous areas of Nakhchivan in the context of landscape ecology

This study provides an integrated geoecological assessment of the mountainous regions of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, examining their geographical structure and tourism potential through the conceptual lens of landscape ecology. Employing a comprehensive methodological framework that integrates geographical determinism, sustainable development principles, cluster analysis, field observations, and GIS-based spatial modelling, the research evaluates the spatial organisation, ecological stability, and functional differentiation of the Zangezur and Daralayaz mountain geosystems. The results reveal a distinct vertical zonation produced by sharp elevation gradients, varied lithological formations, and complex microclimatic conditions, all of which support high biodiversity and define the region’s ecotourism value. GIS analyses highlight critical contrasts between resilient ecological zones and areas experiencing degradation from land-use intensification, habitat fragmentation, and unregulated construction. The development of a cluster-based classification of tourism resources demonstrates that protected natural areas, mineral-water sites, cultural–ecological landscapes, and scenic mountain routes together form coherent ecotourism clusters capable of supporting low-impact, environmentally responsible tourism. These clusters emphasise the need to link ecological thresholds with regional planning, community participation, and conservation priorities. The findings indicate that sustainable tourism can serve as an effective tool for reducing ecological pressure, strengthening environmental governance, and supporting rural livelihoods; however, recent declines in both public and private investment pose constraints on long-term conservation and infrastructure development. Overall, the study concludes that the sustainable future of Nakhchivan’s mountainous landscapes depends on adopting an explicit landscape-ecological vision that restores ecological connectivity, safeguards vulnerable high-mountain habitats, and ensures evidence-based planning for resilient and responsible tourism development.