Living heritage: Biocultural conservation on spice cultivation in the Maluku Archipelago, the heartland of Clove and Nutmeg

This study investigates the rich spice culture of the Maluku Islands, Indonesia, focusing on clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) as key biocultural elements across generations. Through ethnographic fieldwork in historic villages across North Maluku and Maluku Province, it documents traditional knowledge, cultivation practices, and rituals surrounding spice-related daily activities. Local communities distinguish spice quality using indigenous terms and maintain sustainable agricultural methods, such as agroforestry with canary trees and gender-related planting customs. The research highlights the cultural symbolism of spices in community identity, healing traditions, and historical resistance to colonial control. Furthermore, it explores the role of intangible heritage in preserving collective memory and sustaining regional to global pride, exemplified by “Kota Rempah” (Spice City) branding to tentative nomination as UNESCO’s World Heritage. The study underscores the importance of integrating local knowledge into heritage management to ensure cultural continuity and economic empowerment. Findings advocate for a holistic approach to recognizing spices beyond commodities as vital cultural, ecological, and historical assets.