Impact of the built environment on physical activity and obesity in Hungarian and Jordanian women: A comparative study

Abstract Purpose The built environment influences physical activity and obesity, but cultural and infrastructural contexts may shape how women utilise these environments. This research compared perceptions of the built environment and their associations with physical activity and body mass index (BMI) among women in Hungary and Jordan. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted for 6 months with 800 adult women (Hungary n = 401, Jordan n = 399) aged 18–45 years. Data were collected using the Physical Activity Neighbourhood Environment Survey (PANES), International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF), and self-reported anthropometrics. Non-parametric tests ( Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis ) analysed variations in built environment subthemes among physical activity and BMI classifications. Results Hungarian women reported higher scores for amenable environment (Median = 4.00 [IQR = 3.60–4.20]), walkability/cyclability (3.00 [2.50–3.50]), traffic safety (4.00 [4.00–4.50]), and overall built environment (3.77 [3.59–3.96]) compared with Jordanian participants (all P < 0.001). In contrast, Jordanian women perceived greater daytime (4.50 [4.00–5.00]) and night-time safety (4.00 [4.00–4.50]) than Hungarians (both P < 0.05). Women with moderate-to-high physical activity or normal BMI reported more supportive environments than less active or overweight peers ( P < 0.001). Car ownership correlated with lower activity, especially in Jordan (92% vs. 61% in Hungary). Conclusions Supportive urban environments with safe walking infrastructure, green spaces, and enhanced transport systems can help promote women's physical activity and well-being. Addressing car dependency and cultural barriers, especially in Amman, through gender-sensitive urban planning may enhance equitable access to active, healthy lifestyles.