Edible electronics: Current landscape and emerging pathways

Edible electronics was envisioned not long ago as a radical alternative approach to existing ingestible electronics, where all components are made of edible functional materials, which can be digested, metabolized, or simply excreted without threats for human health nor environmental concerns. In this contribution, we ought to draw a line and critically revise the most concrete developments achieved in this field since its recent conception. Our aim is to offer an overview of the most recent progress that allow reassessing the vision towards future edible systems. Challenges towards reliable and manufacturable edible electronic systems still withstand, and further critical specific aspects will have to be addressed, including regulations and acceptance. Nevertheless, the relevant scientific and technical progress has made opportunities in edible smart pills for gastrointestinal monitoring and food sensors for safe tracking and waste reduction more concrete. At the same time, broader opportunities emerge.