Continuum Robot Localization using Distributed Time-of-Flight Sensors

Localization and mapping of an environment are crucial tasks for any robot operating in unstructured environments.Time-of-flight (ToF) sensors (e.g., lidar) have proven useful in mobile robotics, where high-resolution sensors can be used for simultaneous localization and mapping.In soft and continuum robotics, however, these high-resolution sensors are too large for practical use.This, combined with the deformable nature of such robots, has resulted in continuum robot (CR) localization and mapping in unstructured environments being a largely untouched area.In this work, we present a localization technique for CRs that relies on small, low-resolution ToF sensors distributed along the length of the robot.By fusing measurement information with a robot shape prior, we show that accurate localization is possible despite each sensor experiencing frequent degenerate scenarios.We achieve an average localization error of 2.5 cm in position and 7.2 • in rotation across all experimental conditions with a 53 cm long robot.We demonstrate that the results are repeated across multiple environments, in both simulation and real-world experiments, and study robustness in the estimation to deviations in the prior map.