A modern perspective on pulmonary hypertension phenotypes: a literature review

Significant progress has been made in recent years in understanding the pathogenesis of various types of pulmonary hypertension (PH), as well as in improving diagnostic approaches and treatment algorithms. The increasing prevalence of PH worldwide is associated with demographic changes, particularly the increasing proportion of the elderly population and lifestyle changes. The past three decades have been characterized by a dramatic shift in the phenotype of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), driven by population aging and the diagnosis being confirmed in older age groups with complex comorbidity status. Despite its relative rarity, PAH represents a significant healthcare problem worldwide, as its incidence and prevalence of PAH are increasing. This, in turn, may indicate increased awareness and timely diagnosis of the disease, which is associated with a decrease in global mortality from PAH. This review highlights current approaches to classifying and phenotyping patients with PH, outlines global trends in disease prevalence and prognosis, and discus­ses new trends in the development of personalized treatment for various phenotypes of patients with PAH.