Cellular and molecular immunomodulatory potential of red wine polyphenols in apical periodontitis

This in vitro and in vivo study assessed dealcoholized red wine (DRW) effects on cytokine profile in macrophage (MQ)-periodontal ligament fibroblast (PDLFs) co-cultures and its impact on blood parameters, inflammatory/bone markers, cytokine expression, and periapical bone loss in rat apical periodontitis (AP). A MQ-PDLFs co-culture and Wistar rats with induced AP were exposed to DRW or red wine (W), with DMEM or water as controls (C). Cell cultures were analyzed for cytokine profile using a multiplex immunoassay. Rats underwent blood profiling, radiography, qRT-PCR, and histometric analysis of AP. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Multiplex analysis of the co-culture revealed that DRW induced lower interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels compared to C and W, higher IL-10 level than C, and lower IL-1β level only compared to W (P