Physicochemical Characterization of an Imported Extruded Pigeon Feed as a First Step Towards Local Production in Türkiye

ABSTRACT This study provides a physicochemical, microstructural, and thermal characterization of an imported extruded racing pigeon feed in the scope of reverse engineering. It aimed to bridge technological gaps in domestic production. Proximate analysis showed that the sample had a nutritionally balanced profile, with high protein (26.44%) and carbohydrate (51.34%), along with low fat (3.77%). The feed exhibited considerable functional properties, including a high water-holding capacity (4.18 g H2O/g), consistent particle size homogeneity (99.2% within 2-4 mm), and good powder flowability (Carr Index = 16.7). Microstructural analysis revealed a protein-dominated matrix with intact starch granules. Thermal analysis showed the degradation phase is above 290 °C. The formulation demonstrates a strong scientific basis for supporting racing performance due to its color, particle size distribution, good water holding property, and the high structural hardness that positively affects palatability and feed efficiency. Its limited starch gelatinization suggests potential challenges related to mechanical grinding efficiency in the gizzard and bioavailability. These findings provide critical technical insights for manufacturers developing optimized feeds for avian physiology. Future research should focus on in vivo digestibility studies and potential modifications to enhance nutrient absorption.