Cytokine Profile in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid Among Diabetic People: A Case-Control Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the periodontal conditions and levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of individuals with and without diabetes. Material and Methods: Seventeen healthy participants and 14 individuals with diabetes were recruited. Various periodontal parameters, including plaque index, gingival index, and probing pocket depth, were assessed by a single, blinded investigator. GCF samples were analyzed for TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: The results showed significant differences between the control and diabetes groups in terms of mean probing depth, mean attachment level, plaque percentage, and percentage of bleeding on probing. The analysis of cytokine levels revealed that the mean ranks for TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly higher in the diabetes group than in the control group, indicating a pro-inflammatory state. However, no significant difference was observed in the levels of IL-6 between the two groups. Conclusion: Diabetes is associated with increased periodontal inflammation and elevated levels of specific inflammatory cytokines in the GCF. The study offers valuable insights into the interplay between diabetes and periodontal disease, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive dental care and the management of systemic health conditions for individuals with diabetes.