Comparison of the Structure and Pharmacological Effects of Polysaccharides from Sanguinoderma and Ganoderma Mushrooms (Agaricomycetes): A Mini Review

The genus Sanguinoderma belongs to the Ganodermataceae family and includes both edible and medicinal mushrooms, with polysaccharides identified as their primary bioactive constituents. This review aims to consolidate recent findings on the pharmacological effects of polysaccharides isolated from various Sanguinoderma species, such as S. rugosum and S. rude, and to discuss the future challenges and directions concerning their development and utilization. Studies have shown that Sanguinoderma polysaccharides exhibit significant immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-skin aging, pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic properties, in addition to their potential to modulate gut microbiota. In particular, Sanguinoderma polysaccharides have demonstrated greater efficacy than Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, particularly in immunomodulation, antioxidant, and anti-cancer aspects, underscoring their potential as innovative dietary supplements or pharmaceutical agents with significant health benefits. The pharmacological activity of polysaccharides is generally correlated with their chemical structures. Modern analytical techniques can effectively elucidate the fundamental physicochemical properties of Sanguinoderma polysaccharides, such as monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, degree of branching, and the number of repeating units. However, the comprehensive understanding of their advanced structures remains a formidable challenge due to the complex spatial conformations. Further basic and clinical research is required to ensure the safe and effective therapeutic application of Sanguinoderma polysaccharides.