TRPV1: from structure to function—a multidimensional target for therapeutic advances

Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), a polymodally activated, calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel, is broadly present in all parts of the body, with notable expression in the nociceptive neurons. Both physiological and pathological functions rely heavily on this ion channel, mediating responses to a variety of stimuli and contributing to the maintenance of bodily homeostasis. Its unique ability to respond to temperature changes, chemical ligands, and voltage fluctuations positions TRPV1 as a key target in understanding and modulating normal bodily functions, in addition to diagnosing and treating diseases. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the structure, gating mechanisms, and physiological and pathological roles of TRPV1, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target across multiple disease states. By providing a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted functions of TRPV1, this review aims to inform and inspire future research, finally contributing to the advancement of new therapeutic techniques focusing on TRPV1 to enhance human health.