Emerging point-of-care technologies for bacterial pathogen detection

Bacterial infections remain a significant threat to public health worldwide, driving an urgent need for rapid, accurate, and field-deployable diagnostic techniques. Point-of-care testing (POCT) has emerged as a transformative strategy, providing timely detection, operational simplicity, and portability. Recent studies have aimed at enhancing sensitivity, specificity, multiplexing capability, and automation through the integration of molecular diagnostics with microfluidics and lab-on-chip technologies, alongside the development of low-cost, portable devices equipped with smartphone-based readout and cloud connectivity for real-time surveillance in resource-limited settings. Nonetheless, evidence-based frameworks for selecting optimal detection targets-such as genomic sequences, conserved protein epitopes, or viable whole cells-and matching them to appropriate POCT modalities remain notably underrepresented in the literature. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in POCT strategies for bacterial detection, categorized according to three major types of detection targets, including cellular phenotypic characteristics, surface antigens, and nucleic acids. We discuss the principles, advantages, limitations, and representative applications of key POCT platforms, which include microscopy-based visualization, immunoassays, isothermal amplification, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems, and microfluidic biosensors. Critical challenges, such as sample pretreatment, detection sensitivity, and operational simplicity, have been partially addressed through recent innovations. Finally, we outline the main future research directions focused on the development of integrated, automated, and intelligent POCT systems for clinical deployment.