Investigation of J/ψ collectivity in Pb-Pb collisions using multiparticle cumulants technique with ALICE detector and exploration of cold nuclear matter effects with Drell–Yan production

The standard model is describing all known particles of our universe and their fundamental interactions. The model is composed of 12 particles of matter called fermions, 6 quarks (up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom) and 6 leptons (electron, muon, tau with their associated neutrinos, as shown in figure 1.1).All these matter particles are anti-symmetric states (with half-integer spin) that follow Fermi-Dirac statistics, they all respect thePauli’s exclusion principle that imposes that two fermions can never be in the same quantum state. The vector bosons (with integer spin) are the particles associated to forces: the photon is the boson of the electromagnetic interaction.The W and Z bosons are the mediators of the weak interaction responsible for beta decays, the decays of many hadrons (such as the neutron and strange particles), and the decays of many fundamental particles like the muon. The gluons (g) are the particle’s mediators of the strong nuclear interaction, which confines quarks in a color singlet state called hadrons. All bosons obey Bose-Einstein statistics. The Standard Model (SM) uses Quantum Field Theories (QFT) to describe mathematically the different interactions. The three fondamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong) are related to different gauge symmetries thatare internal transformations under which a Lagrangian is invariant.