Revisiting the Kuznets Hypothesis: The Role of HDI and GDP in High and Upper-Middle Income Countries (1990-2018) Using Panel Data
Abstract
This study examines the Kuznets hypothesis in high and upper-middle-income countries from 1990 to 2018 using panel data analysis. Income inequality dynamics are analysed with two economic development indicators: the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. Two models are built to conduct cointegration analysis and estimate long-run coefficients. The Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) test assesses cointegration, while the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) approach estimates long-term coefficients. Findings indicate a pronounced U-shaped relationship in both country groups and suggest that HDI explains income inequality more effectively than GDP per capita.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Economic Growth and Development
Income
Poverty
and Inequality
Unemployment and Economic Growth
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Sosyoekonomi
- Publisher
- Sosyoekonomi
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 67
- Pages
- 403–426
- Publication date
- 31 January 2026