The Transformation, Challenges and Path Reconstruction of Interaction Between Teachers and Students in Higher Education Institutions in the Era of Intelligent Media

In the era of intelligent media, the interaction between teachers and students in higher education is undergoing a profound transformation. The model has shifted from one-way transmission to multi-agent, two-way collaboration involving “teacher-student-AI (artificial intelligence)”. Interaction depth moves from surface Q&A to deep thought engagement, supported by instant, precise feedback and a blended virtual-physical space. New forms such as data-driven personalized interaction and immersive collaborative learning have emerged. However, this evolution brings significant challenges: over-reliance on technology may weaken cognitive autonomy; virtual interaction risks emotional detachment and trust erosion; ethical concerns like algorithmic bias and data privacy arise; teachers’ roles become blurred; and evaluation systems lag behind technological advances. Future pathways should position AI as a supportive tool while upholding human centrality. Strengthening emotional connection through online-offline blending, reforming assessment to value process and growth, and empowering teachers as digitally literate “learning guides” and “emotional connectors” are key to building a healthy, sustainable interactive ecosystem.