3D Scanning of Archaeological Teeth Using Polycam and MeshLab. v1

Three-dimensional digitisation of archaeological skeletal remains has become increasingly important in bioarchaeological research, providing a reliable means to document skeletal elements and preserve their structural and morphological characteristics, prior to destructive sampling. High-fidelity 3D models enable detailed virtual analysis, comparative studies, and long-term digital archiving, reducing the need for repeated handling of fragile specimens. Traditionally, such digitisation relied on high-cost laboratory-based scanners or structured light systems, which are often inaccessible in field settings or in projects with limited budget. However, recent advances in mobile technology and photogrammetry offer more cost-effective and portable alternatives, allowing high-resolution scanning using widely available devices. For example, modern smartphones, in combination with specialised applications like Polycam, can capture detailed surface geometry and textures of skeletal elements. These tools enable researchers to generate accurate 3D models quickly and efficiently, making them suitable for both field documentation and subsequent analysis. The aim of this method was to develop a reproducible, low cost workflow for digitising teeth using a DSLR camera or a mobile phone with a multi-lens camera, Polycam, and MeshLab. The methodology emphasises accurate surface capture, post-processing to correct mesh imperfections, and validation of dimensional accuracy, demonstrating the feasibility of cost-effective, high-resolution dental scanning without specialised laboratory equipment.