Recent trends and open challenges in battery management systems: A comprehensive review with hardware-in-the-loop simulation for electric vehicle applications

The paper highlights a novel approach that provides a system-level Battery Management System (BMS) review for electric vehicles (EVs), particularly with respect to Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) validation. This bridges the gap between algorithmic research and real-time BMS testing. Energy storage system (ESS) technology remains a challenge for EVs, expected to dominate future transport. A sophisticated BMS is crucial for monitoring battery health, ensuring safety, and extending lifespan. Using voltage, current, and temperature measurements, the BMS estimates parameters like SOC, SOH, impedance, capacity, power fade, and remaining life, vital for safety devices, charge balancing, thermal management, and optimal charging. Resilient BMS includes precise characterization, reliable estimation, and effective control. Development requires comprehensive testing of analog I/O and embedded code; HIL simulations offer advantages over traditional testing, providing reproducibility, efficiency, and safety, especially for ranges beyond normal limits. HIL is invaluable for early development, particularly for logic and fault testing. This review covers Li-ion battery modeling using experimental data, implemented in real time with Opal-RT HIL. A scalable model with electronic devices enables thorough BMS testing, demonstrating the validation of key functions, including protection, temperature, current, voltage monitoring, and cell balancing. HIL simulation is essential for modern BMS development