Antimicrobial Peptides in Poultry Farming: A Multi-Omics Approach to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance

Livestock breeding, Epigenetic inheritance, microRNA (miRNA), tRNA fragments (tRFs), Fertility biomarkers, Heat stress adaptationThe discovery of sperm RNA epigenetic inheritance, fertility prediction, and early embryonic development in livestock has been a significant achievement in the field of reproductive biology.Instead of just being the sperm that carry out DNA, the RNA that is demonstrated now in the sperm position, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), transfer RNA fragments (tRFs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are active modulators of the zygotic expression of genes and transgenerational phenotype transmission.It has been reported that in particular species, such as cows, pigs, and chickens, specific sperm RNA profiles are associated with fertility success, embryo viability, metabolic regulation, and heat tolerance.Environmental factors, such as intense heat and the type of feed consumed by an animal, are primary factors that lead to changes in the genetic material of sperm, providing insight into the relationship between the gene expression system and the external environment (Maddox et al., 2001).Sperm RNA, a new type of biomarker, is being explored primarily in infertile diagnostics, climate-resilient sire selection, and trait improvement, despite being plagued by technical problems.Furthermore, the issues of establishing causality and livestock-specific validation remain unresolved.The current review presents an overview of the livestock sperm RNA loads available so far, and their role is explained first.A translational roadmap is provided for their implementation into breeding programs.Sperm RNA, which serves as the molecular link between genotype and phenotype, represents a promising breakthrough for precision livestock selection in the genomic era.