Effectiveness of natural adsorbents in defluoridation of water: A systematic review

This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of indigenous and natural materials used for defluoridation of water. The review will synthesize experimental evidence assessing fluoride removal efficiency, reduction in final fluoride concentration, and adsorption capacity under varying laboratory conditions. Eligible studies will include laboratory-based investigations evaluating plant-based materials, agricultural waste products, clay minerals, and other locally available bioadsorbents. Where feasible, a meta-analysis using a random-effects model will be conducted to estimate pooled effects.