A Critical Systematic Review of Nano-Agrochemicals: Unlocking Sustainable Agriculture While Mitigating Environmental and Health Risks

Objective: Targets for sustainability and global food security are speeding up the development of nano-agrochemicals for crop protection and nutrient delivery. This study compares agronomic performance with exposure pathways, bioaccumulation potential, exposure pathways, and agronomic performance for the main classes of nano-agrochemical materials. Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used in a PRISMA-2020-compliant systematic review to find peer-reviewed experimental research published between January 2010 and March 2025. Included were studies reporting quantifiable biological outcomes and evaluating silica, polymeric, metallic, or carbon-based nanoparticles in crops.