Electrochemical Determination of Antibiotics on Graphene-based Sensors and Biosensors: Meta-analysis

This systematic review examines past decade trends in graphene-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of antibiotics. The Scopus and PubMed databases are systematically searched and 94 studies are included after critical appraisal. The classification and related meta-data (SMILES notations, toxicant classification) associated with individual reviewed antibiotics are consulted from the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology and Chemical Entities of Biological Interest Ontology. Antibiotics are alphabetically organised for each of graphene-based material type (Graphene, Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide). The reviewed sensors and biosensors are tabulated for advantages and disadvantages associated with the electrochemical method and sensor characteristics along with their reported analytical performance metrices. Meta-analyses are performed for the coding scheme and limit of detection and linear dynamic ranges represented across reviewed studies. Representative sensor and biosensor groups are highlighted along with a comparative analysis of all the reviewed studies and those stemming from the meta-analyses’ findings. This review is of importance to the research community for providing a comprehensive overview of graphene-based electrochemical determination of antibiotics and explores the research gaps and innovations in these fields. Finally, the health impact associated with antibiotics and their role in the sustainable developmental goals framework are also presented.