Are virtual relationships (AI companion apps + OnlyFans GFE) a substitution vs. extension of real-life mating behavior?

This study examines whether the use of virtual relationship products — specifically AI companion apps and girlfriend experience (GFE) content on OnlyFans — functions as a substitute for real-life mating behavior or as an extension of it. The substitution hypothesis predicts that users are characterized by low mate value, mating miscalibration (being choosier than their mate value warrants), relationship absence, and sexual inactivity. The extension hypothesis predicts that users show elevated mating effort and remain sexually active, with effects persisting regardless of relationship status. We test these competing hypotheses in a combined Swiss-German community sample using logistic regression.