How do web-based AI, desktop-based manual, and mobile-based manual cephalometric platforms compare with conventional manual tracing in terms of accuracy, reliability, clinical acceptability, and efficiency?

To compare different cephalometric platforms with conventional manual tracing for diagnostic performance; Outcome: Web-based AI systems provide clinically acceptable accuracy and reliability with the highest time efficiency. To evaluate digital manual analysis accuracy; Outcome: Desktop-based software shows accuracy and reliability comparable to manual tracing with moderate gains in efficiency. To assess portable cephalometric tools; Outcome: Mobile-based apps yield reliable, clinically acceptable results with faster and more convenient analysis. To establish a reference standard; Outcome: Conventional manual tracing remains accurate but is time-consuming and highly operator-dependent.