Wastewater as a Reservoir for Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes : Study in Indonesia – A scoping review

Wastewater is increasingly recognized as a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), contributing to environmental dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Evidence from Indonesia remains fragmented. This review was conducted to map current evidence on the occurrence and characteristics of ARB, ARGs, and MGEs in wastewater from hospital, agricultural, industrial, and domestic sources in Indonesia.