Hubble Tension, Dark Matter, Dark Energy

This research integrates and accounts for the **Hubble tension**, **dark matter**, and **dark energy**, which have been treated as separate mysteries in modern cosmology, not as unrelated problems of "additional particles or additional fields," but as a single continuous phenomenon arising from the **response characteristics of the spatial medium itself**. This paper redefines the vacuum not as a passive background, but as an **active impedance medium** possessing a **6π⁵ information (phase-volume) standard** and a **137-layer impedance sealing structure (α⁻¹ ≈ 137)**. In this medium, the state variables—the **unit cohesion η** and **effective impedance Z_eff**—change according to external stimuli (mass distribution, energy density, dynamic pressure, etc.), and these changes manifest as **deterministic mode switching** under critical conditions.