Large Language and Foundation Models for Machinery Health Monitoring: A Systematic Review

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) and foundation models is re-shaping machinery health monitoring. This shift moves the field beyond task-specific deep learning (DL) toward more generalist and multimodal intelligence. Addressing this transition’s fragmented methodology, this systematic review uniquely shifts the focus from purely algorithmic performance to practical industrial deployment. It achieves this by mapping the evolution of text-centric LLMs into autonomous, cyber-physical industrial agents. Following the preferred reporting items for systemat-ic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, an analysis of 58 Scopus studies published between 2022 and early 2026 was conducted to answer six core re-search questions (RQs). The synthesized literature demonstrates striking quantitative gains. Multimodal foundation models improve out-of-distribution accuracy to 71.95%, up from 18.25% in conventional models. Furthermore, they achieve approximately 98% fault diagnosis accuracy using merely 1.2% labeled samples. To ensure reliability, integrating retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and knowledge graphs (KGs) miti-gates hallucinations. Meanwhile, autonomous agentic architectures within digital twins (DTs) reduce false positive alarms by up to 67%. Despite generative artificial in-telligence (GenAI) tackling data scarcity via synthetic data generation, challenges re-main regarding real-time determinism, corpus poisoning, and edge deployment. Ulti-mately, real-world adoption demands targeted physics-AI hybridization and hard-ware-embedded DTs over generic compression.