Microbiological and biological effects of titanium printed surfaces: a systematic review correlated with surface treatments

Advances in additively manufactured bone implants present limitations that challenge their clinical success. Among these, the presence of partially fused metallic particles stands out, as they can affect the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of the biomaterial. The literature suggests that these particles can cause stress concentration with consequent biomechanical failures and even promote microbial adhesion, peri-implant inflammation, and thus delay osseointegration. Therefore, surface treatments are proposed to optimize printed surfaces. However, there is still no consensus on the real need for their application, since these surfaces were developed to biomimic bone tissue.