Violence-related measures against ambulance personnel: a scoping review with multi-framework conceptual mapping

This protocol describes a scoping review on violence-related measures targeting ambulance service personnel, including mission-related dispatch. The review aims to identify and map measures reported in English-language peer-reviewed literature published between 2014 and 2026. Eligible measures include actions designed to prevent, anticipate, detect, manage or mitigate the consequences of violence against ambulance personnel in pre-hospital ambulance services. Extracted measures will be analysed using five conceptual frameworks: levels of prevention, hierarchy of controls, Safety-I/Safety-II, typology of situations, and level of systemic integration. The review follows the JBI methodological framework for scoping reviews and will be reported according to PRISMA-ScR. The expected output is a structured map of existing measures, their conceptual distribution, and the main gaps in how violence prevention and management are described in the ambulance sector.