Psychological Safety in the Digital Age: An Umbrella Review of Antecedents, Consequences, and Work Virtuality

This umbrella review aims to synthesize existing evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding psychological safety in work teams. The study focuses on identifying the primary antecedents and outcomes of the construct, while specifically exploring how work virtuality — the degree to which team members rely on technology-mediated rather than face-to-face communication — moderates these relationships. By integrating findings from 49 systematic reviews and meta-analyses and assessing their methodological quality via the AMSTAR 2 tool, this research proposes a theoretical framework that highlights the need for intentional communication and explicit leadership practices in virtual contexts. The ultimate goal is to provide a comprehensive overview for researchers and practitioners to foster psychologically safe environments in the evolving landscape of modern work.