Classroom Management Problems in L2 classrooms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

This is a retrospective registration of a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis of Classroom management in second-language, foreign-language, and additional-language classrooms. The review primarily estimates student item-level endorsement proportions and separately synthesizes classroom-problem frequency, severity, and prominence or selection. Multiple correlated item-level effects reported within the same study are analyzed using multilevel random-effects models. Cluster-robust variance estimation and sensitivity analyses are used where supported by the available number of independent studies. Different measurement families are analyzed separately and are not directly compared. Database searching, study screening, data extraction, and statistical synthesis had already been completed when this registration was created; it therefore documents the methods actually used and should not be interpreted as a prospective preregistration.