Mapping the Functional Impact of Ultrasound‑Guided Percutaneous Neuromodulation on Strength, Tone and Motor Control: A Scoping Review Across Diverse Populations

This scoping review aims to map and synthesize the existing evidence on ultrasound‑guided percutaneous neuromodulation stimulation (PNS) and its effects on neuromuscular functional outcomes across neurological, musculoskeletal, and healthy populations. Specifically, the review will explore how PNM influences parameters such as muscle strength, motor control, muscle tone, balance, mobility, and overall functional performance. By examining randomized trials, pilot studies, case series, and mechanistic investigations, the review will identify the range of clinical applications, stimulation protocols, targeted nerves, and functional outcomes reported in the literature. Additionally, it will highlight current knowledge gaps and future research needs regarding the therapeutic role and physiological mechanisms of ultrasound‑guided percutaneous neuromodulation in restoring or enhancing neuromuscular function.