Factors determining the bond strength between components in removable complete dentures manufactured by 3D printing: a scoping review

Background: The use of additive manufacturing (3D printing) for the fabrication of removable complete dentures has grown significantly as an alternative to traditional subtractive and heat-polymerization methods. However, the bond strength between the denture base and the artificial teeth remains a critical factor for the clinical longevity and mechanical success of these prostheses. Purpose: This scoping review aims to map and synthesize the available scientific evidence regarding the factors that influence the bond strength between components in 3D-printed removable complete dentures. The study focuses on identifying how different variables — such as bonding processes and surface treatment protocols (e.g., mechanical abrasion, silanization, plasma treatment, and chemical primers) — impact the adhesion levels at the base-tooth interface. Methodology: The review follows the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Study selection was performed by two independent and blinded reviewers using the Rayyan platform, with a third reviewer consulted for consensus. Expected Outcomes: The expected outcome is to provide a comprehensive overview of the most effective protocols for enhancing bond strength (measured in MPa) in 3D-printed dentures. By identifying current research gaps and the most promising surface treatments, this work intends to guide clinical practice and future laboratory research toward more predictable and durable 3D-printed prosthetic rehabilitations.