Neuroimaging and Electrophysiological Measures of Cognitive Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease Interventions: A Scoping Review

Parkinson's Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms and cognitive deficits (executive function, attention, memory), which critically impact patients’ functional independence and quality of life. Recent PD interventional studies increasingly use neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques (EEG,MEG, fMRI, MRI, fNIRS) to objectively measure neural activity, complementing traditional neuropsychological tests. The primary objective is to systematically examine literature on neuroimaging and electrophysiological measurements for PD cognitive assessment. This review will identify and summarize used measurements, clarify their application in interventional contexts, and highlight differences across study designs. Expected outcomes include: 1) a concise overview of current neuroimaging and electrophysiological measurements and their application to cognitive domains; 2) summary of study design differences; 3) enhancing understanding of neuroimaging and electrophysiological measurements' role in PD cognitive assessment to inform clinical practice. Overall, this review synthesizes evidence on neuroimaging and electrophysiological measurements' role in PD cognitive impairment, bridges research-clinical gaps, and provides a foundation for future targeted studies.