Presentation of the Results

The results will be presented through an integrated descriptive narrative, tables, and graphical visualizations, organized to directly address the review objectives and research question. An evidence map in the form of a heatmap will be generated, cross-referencing each oncologic emergency with the type of model organism or system used and the outcome domain assessed, including biochemical, physiological, imaging, and survival endpoints. A detailed induction taxonomy will be developed for each emergency, enabling comparison across different modeling strategies. Examples include febrile neutropenia (chemotherapy-induced neutropenia combined with pathogen challenge versus cytokine depletion), hypercalcemia of malignancy (PTHrP-secreting xenografts versus osteolytic metastasis models), tumor lysis syndrome (ALL/AML/lymphoma models with or without cytotoxic triggers), spinal cord compression (epidural tumor injection versus vertebral metastatic progression), and superior vena cava syndrome (orthotopic thoracic tumors versus surgical or device-induced obstruction models). Interventions identified will be categorized into two major clusters: standard-of-care analogs (e.g., G-CSF/antibiotics in febrile neutropenia; fluids/rasburicase/allopurinol in tumor lysis syndrome; calcitonin/bisphosphonates/denosumab in hypercalcemia of malignancy; corticosteroids/radiotherapy/surgical analogs in spinal cord compression; and stenting/anticoagulation/device use in superior vena cava syndrome) and innovative approaches, including novel drugs, devices, and experimental modalities. Finally, a gap analysis will be performed, focusing on the fidelity of models to human syndromes, reproducibility, and the absence of key outcome measures such as neurological function in spinal cord compression, hemodynamic parameters in superior vena cava syndrome, and time-to-clinical-decompensation in febrile neutropenia and tumor lysis syndrome. This approach will facilitate the identification of priority areas for the development of more representative and translationally relevant preclinical models.