The Association Between Age at Menarche and Subsequent Risk of Chronic Pain

Chronic pain is a significant clinical issue worldwide. There is a well-documented sex difference in chronic pain, with a higher prevalence among women. Previous studies have shown that an earlier age at menarche is associated with an increased risk of chronic pain. Age at menarche can be altered by non-genetic factors, such as disturbances in the psychological or physical environment. Many studies have investigated non-genetic factors associated with the onset of menarche. However, no study has examined whether these factors, in conjunction with age at menarche, lead to chronic pain later in life. This review explores potentially shared non-genetic factors between age at menarche and subsequent chronic pain risk.