Advanced Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Regeneration: From Fundamental Mechanisms to Translational Applications

This integrative narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of advanced biomaterials for craniofacial tissue regeneration, spanning bone and soft tissue applications. The review synthesizes current evidence on major biomaterial classes, including bioactive ceramics, biodegradable polymers, hybrid composites, smart and responsive materials, and biohybrid constructs. Particular emphasis is placed on the biological mechanisms underlying regeneration, such as osteogenesis, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, as well as on translational readiness and clinical applicability. Preclinical and clinical evidence are discussed in parallel to highlight current limitations, commercially available solutions, and emerging experimental strategies relevant to craniofacial regenerative medicine.