Consequences associated with Functional Mouth Breathing and Open Mouth Posture: A Scoping Review

This scoping review aims to systematically map the consequences associated with functional mouth breathing and open mouth posture as described in the literature. The review focuses on structural, functional, and participation-related consequences in individuals of all ages and includes quantitative primary studies. Studies in which mouth breathing was attributable to underlying diseases, syndromes, or COVID-19 were excluded. The review follows the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and is reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guideline. Eligible studies published between 2016 and 2026 were considered.