Sex and Gender Differences in Treatment Efficacy and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Scoping Review

Gender Medicine emphasizes the impact of biological sex and sociocultural gender on health and disease, while TCM core principles (syndrome differentiation, individualized treatment) align with precision medicine. Despite TCM long-standing recognition of individual differences including sex, research on sex/gender-specific responses to TCM interventions remains scattered and underintegrated. No comprehensive scoping review has systematically mapped this evidence, limiting the translation of gender-sensitive insights into TCM practice. This review aims to address this gap by comprehensively exploring the breadth of relevant literature.