Beyond Minoxidil: Evidence-Based Off-Label Therapies for Male Androgenetic Alopecia

Therapies approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for androgenetic alopecia (AGA), including topical minoxidil and oral finasteride, are limited by variable efficacy, adverse effects, and compliance—thereby prompting interest in alternatives. In this work, we aim to evaluate the molecular mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and safety of off-label therapies for male AGA. We also determined the relative efficacy of topical minoxidil and other off-label options, through a network meta-analysis (NMA).