Eligibility criteria

Types of participants This review will consider studies involving experimental systems that model oncologic emergencies, including in vivo animal models, ex vivo systems, organoids or cell lines engineered or conditioned to reproduce the emergency, and engineered or simulation models such as vascular obstruction rigs in a cancer-related context. No restrictions will be applied regarding species, cell line origin, or genetic background. Concept The core concept of this review is the characterization of preclinical and experimental models developed to reproduce the pathophysiology of specific oncologic emergencies, including details on induction methods, outcomes measured, and interventions evaluated. Emergencies of interest are febrile neutropenia, malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, tumor lysis syndrome, malignant spinal cord compression, and superior vena cava syndrome. Context The context will include any laboratory setting, regardless of geographic location, species, or model type. Inclusion criteria: Primary studies using preclinical or experimental models (in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo, organoid, or engineered/simulation) to reproduce at least one of the following oncologic emergencies in the context of cancer: febrile neutropenia, cancer-associated hypercalcemia, tumor lysis syndrome, malignant spinal cord compression, and superior vena cava syndrome. Studies must describe induction methods, reproduced mechanisms, tested interventions, or relevant outcomes. Protocols and grey literature will be included if sufficient methodological detail is provided. No restrictions on species, cancer type, language, publication year, or laboratory setting. Exclusion criteria: Human-only clinical studies without experimental modeling. Reviews, editorials, letters, or opinion pieces (references may be screened). Models not reproducing the specified emergencies (e.g., neutropenia without infection, hypercalcemia unrelated to malignancy, purely mechanistic assays). Human ex vivo studies not modeling an acute emergency. Duplicates or reports lacking sufficient methodological information.