The Essence, Current Bottlenecks, and Future Development Paths of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)

As a core technical system connecting the central nervous system with external devices, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) achieves bidirectional interaction and functional compensation of neural electrical signals. This paper systematically expounds the technical definition and working mechanism of BCI, analyzes the fundamental limitations of the current research paradigm driven by clinical patient data, points out that the semantic decoding of neural population coding is the core bottleneck of the industry, and proposes a next-generation technical route based on brain neural dynamics simulation and brain-inspired generative models. It provides a theoretical framework for the efficient breakthrough of BCI technology.