Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Anti–Breast Cancer Activity of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.

This study aims to systematically evaluate the anti–breast cancer effects of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. and to investigate its potential underlying mechanisms of action. A systematic review and meta-analysis are conducted to synthesize available experimental evidence regarding its effects on cancer cell viability, cell cycle progression, apoptosis induction, and regulation of apoptosis-related markers, including Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Eligible studies published between 2010 and January 2025 that evaluate P. macrocarpa as a single treatment in breast cancer models are included. Study quality is assessed using a modified ToxRTool, and meta-analysis is performed using standardized mean differences (SMDs) and mean differences (MDs) to determine the magnitude of its effects. The expected outcomes of this study include clarifying the extent to which P. macrocarpa inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest, promotes apoptosis, and modulates apoptosis-related molecular markers. The findings are intended to provide evidence-based insights into the therapeutic potential of P. macrocarpa and to support further experimental and translational research in breast cancer therapy.