Current Status, Influencing Factors, and Therapeutic Interventions of Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Vascular Malformations: A Scoping Review

Vascular malformations (VAMs) are a group of disorders caused by abnormalities in vascular morphogenesis, with an overall prevalence of approximately 1.2% to 1.5% in the pediatric population. Their clinical classifications mainly include capillary malformations, venous malformations, lymphatic malformations, and arteriovenous malformations with or without overgrowth manifestations. Complications primarily consist of refractory ulcers, consumptive coagulopathy, life-threatening hemorrhage, and hemodynamic decompensation. Additionally, if VAMs involve anatomical sites such as joints, bones, or muscles, they can also lead to corresponding physical dysfunction. Currently, most research on VAMs focuses on adults; however, the onset and progression of this disease are more common in childhood. VAMs not only cause physical and psychological distress in affected children but also increase the burden of family care. To date, studies on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with VAMs have not been systematically summarized, making it difficult to fully and objectively reflect the current status of their quality of life. This study aims to systematically review HRQOL-related research in children with VAMs, with the purpose of providing a scientific basis for clinical nursing practice, improving the HRQOL of children with VAMs, and promoting the healthy development of children.