Interventions for bedtime procrastination: a scoping review

Bedtime procrastination—voluntarily delaying going to bed without external obligations—has been increasingly recognized as a prevalent self-regulation problem that contributes to insufficient sleep and subsequent impairments in daytime functioning. While correlational research has linked bedtime procrastination to factors such as poor self-control, maladaptive evening routines, excessive screen use, and emotion regulation difficulties, the evidence on how to effectively intervene remains fragmented across disciplines (e.g., sleep medicine, psychology, behavioral science, and digital health). Interventions may range from sleep education and behavioral habit formation to cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness-based, and technology-enabled approaches, yet their key components, delivery modes, target populations, and outcome measures are inconsistently reported. Therefore, a scoping review is warranted to systematically map the breadth and nature of intervention research on bedtime procrastination, summarize intervention characteristics and evaluation methods, and identify gaps to guide future development and rigorous testing of scalable strategies to reduce bedtime procrastination and improve sleep health.