Finite State Machine-Guided Stratified Nursing in Acute Non-variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) is a common acute condition in gastroenterology, characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression, and multiple complications; severe cases can lead to hemorrhagic shock and even death. Acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB) accounts for the majority of AUGIB cases clinically. Defined as acute bleeding arising from non-variceal lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract proximal to the Treitz ligament, ANVUGIB is a critical emergency that constitutes approximately 70% of all AUGIB cases[1] . Peptic ulcer is its primary risk factor[1], with an annual bleeding incidence of 19.4%–57%, a 7-day rebleeding rate of 13.9%, and a mortality rate of 8.6%[2]—posing a serious threat to patients' lives. Studies indicate[3,4]that effective risk identification and early stratified intervention can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality rates, shorten hospital stays, and lower hospitalization costs.