Gender differences in individuals with chronic pain and comorbid substance use

This review examines gender differences in individuals with chronic pain and comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs). Chronic pain and SUDs are associated with poorer physical, mental health, and functional outcomes when they co-occur; however, sex/gender differences are not well understood. This review aims to systematically investigate the literature to identify which populations have been studied, what methods and designs are used, and what key findings and gaps exist. Using comprehensive searches across multiple databases, the review will synthesize findings related to pain outcomes, substance use severity, and mental health functioning using a narrative approach. The expected outcome is a clear overview of the current evidence base and identification of critical gaps to inform future research, clinical practice, and intervention development.