Preclinical and Experimental Models of Oncologic Emergencies: A Scoping Review Protocol.

Background: Oncologic emergencies are acute, life-threatening complications of cancer or its treatment, including febrile neutropenia (FN), cancer-related hypercalcemia (HCAL), tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), malignant spinal cord compression (SCC), and superior vena cava syndrome (SVC). These syndromes require immediate intervention, and preclinical or experimental models are essential for understanding their pathophysiology, testing interventions, and improving translational research. However, the available evidence on such models is scattered and has not been systematically mapped. Objective: This scoping review aims to identify, catalogue, and describe preclinical and experimental models developed to study FN, HCAL, TLS, SCC, and SVC in the context of cancer, detailing their induction methods, outcome measures, interventions tested, and translational relevance. Methods: The review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and be reported in accordance with PRISMA-ScR. Literature searches will be conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, LILACS, Web of Science, and Scopus, supplemented by grey literature and citation tracking. Eligible studies will include in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo, or in silico models that reproduce the pathophysiology of at least one of the specified oncologic emergencies in the context of cancer. Two reviewers will independently screen studies and extract data using a piloted charting form. Results will be synthesized descriptively, with evidence maps summarizing the distribution of models across emergencies, experimental systems, and outcome domains. Conclusion: This review will provide the first comprehensive map of preclinical models of oncologic emergencies, highlighting validated systems, gaps in knowledge, and opportunities for model refinement to support translational research.