Analysis of the Evidence

The analysis in this review will be descriptive rather than analytical, with no formal meta-analysis or assessment of the certainty of evidence. Extracted data will be mapped to provide a comprehensive overview of existing preclinical and experimental models for the oncologic emergencies of interest. The primary approach will be descriptive mapping, categorizing models by emergency type, model system (e.g., in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo, organoid, cell line, engineered/simulation models), outcomes assessed (e.g., biochemical, physiological, imaging, survival), and interventions tested (e.g., standard-of-care analogs, novel agents, devices). Frequencies and distributions will be presented to illustrate the occurrence of different model features across the included studies. To further support the identification of research gaps, evidence gap visualizations will be generated, including heatmaps linking emergency type, model organism/system, and outcome domains, as well as taxonomies describing induction approaches within each emergency category. The synthesis will be presented in narrative and tabular forms, providing a clear descriptive summary of model characteristics, induction protocols, outcomes, and interventions in relation to the review objectives and questions. No thematic synthesis, meta-analysis, or interpretive qualitative synthesis will be undertaken, as these are beyond the scope of this review type. All analytical decisions will be preplanned, transparently reported, and justified in accordance with JBI guidance.